Sustainability
Glossary
Clear definitions for the terms shaping sustainability strategy, ESG reporting, and climate policy.
A
Agroforestry
Agroforestry integrates trees with crops and livestock for ecological and economic benefit. Learn systems, carbon potential, biodiversity gains, and implementation.
Anti-Greenwashing Regulations
Explore the growing landscape of anti-greenwashing regulations in the EU and globally, including enforcement mechanisms and compliance strategies.
Aquifer Depletion
Aquifer depletion occurs when groundwater is extracted faster than natural recharge, threatening water security, agriculture, and land stability worldwide.
B
B Corp Certification
Learn about B Corp certification, the rigorous standard verifying businesses that balance purpose and profit across governance, workers, community, and environment.
Benefit Corporation
Explore benefit corporations, the legal business structure that empowers directors to balance profit with positive impact on society and the environment.
Biodiversity
Explore biodiversity: the variety of life on Earth, why it underpins economic systems, and how organizations measure and protect biological diversity.
Biodiversity Net Gain
Learn about biodiversity net gain (BNG): a planning requirement that developments must leave biodiversity in a measurably better state than before.
Biodiversity Offsets
Understand biodiversity offsets: conservation actions designed to compensate for residual ecological impacts of development after avoidance and minimization.
Biomimicry
Biomimicry is the practice of designing materials, products, and systems modeled on biological processes and organisms to solve human engineering challenges.
Blue Economy
The blue economy encompasses sustainable use of ocean resources for growth, jobs, and ecosystem health. Learn key sectors, governance frameworks, and investment trends.
Blue-Green Infrastructure
Blue-green infrastructure integrates water management with urban green spaces, combining natural drainage with parks and wetlands for climate resilience.
Board Oversight of Sustainability
Learn how effective board oversight of sustainability drives ESG performance, manages climate risk, and meets evolving regulatory and investor expectations.
C
Cap-and-Trade
Learn how cap-and-trade emissions trading systems work, setting enforceable limits on pollution while allowing market-based flexibility for compliance.
Carbon Accounting
Learn about carbon accounting: methods for measuring, tracking, and reporting organizational greenhouse gas emissions across Scopes 1, 2, and 3.
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
Understand the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): how it works, which sectors it covers, and implications for global trade and carbon pricing.
Carbon Capture and Storage
Understand carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, how it captures CO2 from industrial sources, and its role in hard-to-abate sector decarbonization.
Carbon Credits
Understand carbon credits: tradeable certificates representing one tonne of CO₂ reduced or removed, used in compliance and voluntary carbon markets.
Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical process by which carbon moves between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and living organisms over varying timescales.
Carbon Footprint
Learn how to measure and reduce your organization's carbon footprint across Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions using the GHG Protocol methodology.
Carbon Insetting
Discover how carbon insetting reduces emissions within a company's own value chain, offering a credible alternative to traditional carbon offsetting.
Carbon Neutrality
Understand carbon neutrality: what it means, how organizations achieve it through emissions reduction and offsets, and why it matters for climate strategy.
Carbon Offsets
Learn about carbon offsets: how they work, quality criteria, controversies, and their role in corporate climate strategies alongside direct emissions reductions.
Carbon Pricing
Understand carbon pricing mechanisms including carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems that put a financial cost on greenhouse gas emissions.
Carbon Tax
Explore how carbon taxes work as a climate policy tool, setting a fixed price on greenhouse gas emissions to incentivize decarbonization across industries.
CDP Disclosure
CDP operates the global environmental disclosure system where companies, cities, and states report climate, water, and forest data to investors and buyers.
Circular Economy
Understand the circular economy: a systems approach to eliminating waste, keeping materials in use, and regenerating natural systems for sustainability.
CITES
Learn about CITES: the international treaty regulating trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora to prevent extinction from commercial exploitation.
Climate Action Plan
A climate action plan is a strategic framework that outlines specific measures an organization or government will take to reduce emissions and build resilience.
Climate Adaptation
Climate adaptation refers to the process of adjusting systems, practices, and infrastructure to reduce vulnerability to the actual and expected effects of climate change.
Climate Anxiety
Climate anxiety is the chronic distress and worry about climate change and its consequences, increasingly recognized as a significant mental health and workplace issue.
Climate Attribution Science
Climate attribution science quantifies how much human-caused climate change contributed to the likelihood or intensity of specific extreme weather events.
Climate Feedback Loops
Climate feedback loops are self-reinforcing or self-dampening cycles in the Earth system where an initial change triggers responses that amplify or reduce it.
Climate Justice
Climate justice frames climate change as an ethical and political issue, emphasizing equitable distribution of climate burdens and benefits across communities.
Climate Migration
Climate migration refers to the movement of people driven by climate change impacts including sea-level rise, drought, flooding, and extreme weather events.
Climate Mitigation
Climate mitigation refers to actions that reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions to limit the severity of long-term climate change impacts.
Climate Modeling
Climate modeling uses mathematical simulations of the Earth's climate system to project future temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather patterns.
Climate Resilience
Climate resilience is the capacity of communities, ecosystems, and economies to anticipate, absorb, and recover from climate-related shocks and stresses.
Climate Risk Disclosure
Climate risk disclosure is the practice of reporting an organization's exposure to climate-related financial risks and its strategies for managing them.
Climate Tipping Points
Climate tipping points are critical thresholds in the Earth system beyond which changes become self-reinforcing and potentially irreversible on human timescales.
Climate Vulnerability Assessment
A climate vulnerability assessment evaluates how exposed and sensitive a system is to climate hazards and its capacity to adapt to changing conditions.
Combined Sewer Overflows
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) discharge untreated sewage and stormwater into waterways during heavy rain, posing public health and environmental risks.
Community Engagement in ESG
Learn how community engagement strengthens ESG strategy, builds social license to operate, and drives measurable impact for businesses and stakeholders.
Community Resilience
Community resilience is the sustained ability of a community to withstand, adapt to, and recover from shocks like climate disasters and economic disruption.
Compliance Carbon Market
Learn how compliance carbon markets work, including cap-and-trade systems and emissions trading schemes that regulate greenhouse gas output across industries.
Conflict Minerals
Conflict minerals are natural resources extracted in conflict zones where mining revenues finance armed groups and fuel human rights abuses.
Coral Reef Restoration
Coral reef restoration rebuilds degraded reef ecosystems through active intervention. Learn methods, costs, scalability challenges, and the role of climate adaptation.
Corporate Sustainability
Understand corporate sustainability strategy, frameworks, and implementation—from ESG integration to long-term value creation and regulatory compliance.
Cradle to Cradle
Learn about Cradle to Cradle design: a framework for creating products with materials that cycle safely through biological or technical loops indefinitely.
CSRD
The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive is EU legislation requiring comprehensive sustainability disclosures from large companies operating in or connected to European markets.
D
Decarbonization
Learn what decarbonization means for businesses, including strategies for reducing carbon emissions across operations, supply chains, and energy systems.
Deforestation-Free Supply Chains
Deforestation-free supply chains eliminate forest destruction from commodity sourcing. Learn due diligence requirements, traceability systems, and compliance strategies.
DEI in Sustainability
DEI in sustainability integrates diversity, equity, and inclusion into environmental strategy, ensuring climate solutions benefit all communities equitably.
Desalination
Desalination removes salt and impurities from seawater or brackish water to produce freshwater, serving as a drought-proof supply for water-scarce regions.
Direct Air Capture
Learn about direct air capture (DAC) technology that removes CO2 directly from the atmosphere, its costs, scalability, and role in climate strategy.
Double Materiality
Double materiality requires organizations to assess both how sustainability issues affect their business and how their business affects people and the environment.
Drought Resilience
Drought resilience encompasses strategies for water conservation, supply diversification, and operational continuity during prolonged water scarcity events.
E
E-Waste Management
E-waste management encompasses the collection, refurbishment, recycling, and safe disposal of discarded electronic and electrical equipment to recover materials and prevent pollution.
Ecosystem Services
Learn about ecosystem services: the benefits nature provides to human societies, from pollination and water purification to climate regulation and recreation.
Electrification
Understand how electrification replaces fossil fuel combustion with electric alternatives across transport, heating, and industry to cut carbon emissions.
Endangered Species Act
Understand the US Endangered Species Act (ESA): landmark legislation protecting threatened and endangered species and their critical habitats since 1973.
Energy Efficiency
Discover how energy efficiency reduces costs and emissions by minimizing energy waste across buildings, industry, and transportation systems.
Energy Transition
Explore the global energy transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources, including drivers, timelines, and implications for business strategy.
Environmental Justice
Environmental justice ensures that no community bears a disproportionate share of pollution and environmental hazards due to race, income, or political power.
ESG Benchmarking
Learn how ESG benchmarking compares sustainability performance against peers, standards, and best practices to drive improvement and investor confidence.
ESG Data Management
Explore best practices for ESG data management—collection, validation, governance, and audit readiness for sustainability reporting.
ESG Due Diligence
Understand ESG due diligence requirements for M&A, supply chains, and regulatory compliance under CS3D, CSRD, and national due diligence laws.
ESG Governance
Understand ESG governance—the board structures, policies, and oversight mechanisms that embed environmental and social accountability into corporate leadership.
ESG Integration
ESG integration is the systematic inclusion of environmental, social, and governance factors into investment analysis and portfolio decision-making processes.
ESG Ratings
ESG ratings are scores assigned by specialized agencies that assess a company's environmental, social, and governance risk exposure and management quality.
ESG Reporting
ESG reporting is the structured disclosure of environmental, social, and governance performance data to investors, regulators, and stakeholders.
ESRS
European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) are the mandatory disclosure requirements under the EU's Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive.
EU Green Deal
The European Green Deal is the EU's comprehensive policy framework targeting climate neutrality by 2050 through regulation, investment, and economic transformation.
EU Taxonomy
The EU Taxonomy is a classification system defining which economic activities qualify as environmentally sustainable for investment and reporting purposes.
EUDR (EU Deforestation Regulation)
The EU Deforestation Regulation requires companies to prove commodities are deforestation-free. Learn EUDR scope, timelines, compliance steps, and penalties.
Executive Compensation Tied to ESG
Explore how linking executive pay to ESG metrics drives accountability, aligns incentives with sustainability goals, and shapes corporate behavior.
Extended Producer Responsibility
Explore extended producer responsibility (EPR): policies that hold manufacturers accountable for the full lifecycle impacts of their products and packaging.
Extreme Weather Events
Extreme weather events are severe atmospheric phenomena intensified by climate change, including hurricanes, heat waves, droughts, floods, and wildfires.
F
Fair Trade
Explore how Fair Trade certification drives equitable supply chains, supports producer livelihoods, and connects to broader ESG and sustainability goals.
Financial Materiality
Learn how financial materiality in ESG reporting identifies sustainability topics that affect enterprise value, cash flows, and investment risk.
Fisheries Sustainability
Fisheries sustainability ensures fish stocks remain productive for future generations. Learn stock assessment science, management tools, and certification frameworks.
Flood Risk Management
Flood risk management encompasses strategies to assess, reduce, and adapt to flood hazards through infrastructure, planning, and nature-based solutions.
Fossil Fuel Divestment
Understand the fossil fuel divestment movement, its financial rationale, portfolio impacts, and growing role in institutional climate strategy.
G
Gender Lens Investing
Discover how gender lens investing integrates gender analysis into investment decisions to drive financial returns and advance gender equity outcomes.
GHG Protocol
Learn about the GHG Protocol: the global standard for measuring and managing greenhouse gas emissions across corporate, value chain, and product levels.
Global Warming Potential
Global warming potential (GWP) measures how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere relative to CO₂ over a specified time horizon.
Green Bonds
Learn about green bonds—fixed-income instruments that fund environmental projects, from renewable energy to climate adaptation, with growing global issuance.
Green Chemistry
Green chemistry designs chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances, minimizing environmental and health impacts at the molecular level.
Green Claims Directive
Understand the EU Green Claims Directive—its requirements for substantiating environmental claims, timelines, and compliance implications.
Green Hydrogen
Learn about green hydrogen produced via renewable-powered electrolysis, its applications in hard-to-abate sectors, and the path to commercial viability.
Green Infrastructure
Green infrastructure uses natural systems like wetlands, bioswales, and urban forests to manage stormwater, reduce flooding, and build climate resilience.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions are releases of heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere from human activities, primarily burning fossil fuels and land use changes.
Greenwashing
Greenwashing is the practice of making misleading or unsubstantiated claims about the environmental benefits of a product, service, or company to appear more sustainable than reality warrants.
GRI Standards
GRI Standards are the most widely adopted global framework for sustainability reporting, enabling organizations to disclose their impacts on economy and society.
H
Habitat Restoration
Explore habitat restoration: the process of returning degraded ecosystems to healthy, functioning states that support biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Heat Action Plans
Heat action plans are structured municipal and organizational strategies to reduce illness and death during extreme heat events through early warning and response.
Human Rights Due Diligence
Human rights due diligence is a systematic process for companies to identify, prevent, mitigate, and account for adverse human rights impacts in their operations.
I
IFRS S1 and S2
IFRS S1 and S2 are the ISSB's inaugural sustainability disclosure standards covering general requirements and climate-related financial disclosures.
Impact Investing
Learn how impact investing generates measurable social and environmental outcomes alongside financial returns, reshaping global capital allocation.
Impact Materiality
Understand impact materiality under the CSRD and ESRS—how companies assess their outward effects on people, society, and the environment.
Inclusive Economy
Explore the inclusive economy framework—how equitable access to opportunity, assets, and markets drives sustainable growth and stronger ESG outcomes.
Indigenous Rights and Sustainability
Indigenous rights and sustainability connects land rights, traditional knowledge, and self-determination of indigenous peoples to global environmental outcomes.
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial symbiosis is a collaborative approach where waste or byproducts from one industry become raw materials for another, reducing costs and emissions.
Integrated Reporting
Learn how integrated reporting connects financial and non-financial performance to show how organizations create value over time.
Integrated Water Resource Management
Integrated water resource management (IWRM) coordinates water, land, and related resources to maximize economic and social welfare without compromising ecosystems.
Internal Carbon Pricing
Discover internal carbon pricing: how organizations use shadow prices and internal fees to drive low-carbon investment decisions and manage climate risk.
Invasive Species Management
Invasive species management prevents and controls non-native organisms that threaten ecosystems and economies. Learn detection methods, control strategies, and costs.
ISSB
The International Sustainability Standards Board develops global baseline sustainability disclosure standards for capital markets under the IFRS Foundation.
L
Land Degradation Neutrality
Land degradation neutrality (LDN) balances land loss with restoration to maintain productive ecosystems. Learn the UNCCD framework, targets, and implementation strategies.
Limited vs. Reasonable Assurance
Understand the differences between limited and reasonable assurance in ESG reporting, including scope, cost, and when each level applies.
Living Wage
A living wage is the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet basic needs including food, housing, healthcare, and education for their family.
M
Managed Retreat
Managed retreat is the planned relocation of people, assets, and infrastructure away from areas facing unavoidable climate hazards like flooding.
Mangrove Restoration
Learn about mangrove restoration: rebuilding coastal mangrove ecosystems that protect shorelines, sequester carbon, and support marine biodiversity.
Marine Protected Areas
Marine protected areas (MPAs) safeguard ocean ecosystems through regulated use. Learn MPA types, effectiveness evidence, governance frameworks, and the 30x30 target.
Material Flow Analysis
Material flow analysis (MFA) systematically tracks the flows and stocks of materials through a system to identify inefficiencies, waste, and circular economy opportunities.
Materiality Assessment
Learn how materiality assessments identify the ESG topics most relevant to your business and stakeholders, driving focused sustainability strategy.
Modern Slavery Reporting
Modern slavery reporting requires organizations to disclose steps taken to identify and prevent forced labor, trafficking, and exploitation in their supply chains.
N
Nationally Determined Contributions
Nationally Determined Contributions are country-level climate action plans submitted under the Paris Agreement, outlining emission reduction targets and strategies.
Natural Capital
Understand natural capital: Earth's stock of natural assets including geology, soil, air, water, and living organisms that produce ecosystem services.
Natural Capital Accounting
Natural capital accounting quantifies the economic value of ecosystems and biodiversity. Learn how NCA frameworks inform corporate and national sustainability strategy.
Nature-Based Solutions
Nature-based solutions use natural ecosystems to address climate risks, reduce emissions, and build resilience across communities and infrastructure.
Net-Zero
Learn what net-zero emissions means, how it differs from carbon neutrality, and what frameworks guide credible corporate net-zero commitments.
Non-Financial Reporting
Understand non-financial reporting requirements, from the EU NFRD to CSRD, and how companies disclose ESG performance beyond financial statements.
P
Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement is a landmark 2015 international treaty committing 196 parties to limit global warming to well below 2°C, pursuing 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
Planned Obsolescence
Planned obsolescence is the deliberate design of products with limited lifespans to drive repeat purchases, generating waste and increasing resource consumption.
Plastic Pollution
Plastic pollution is the accumulation of synthetic polymer waste in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments, threatening ecosystems and human health globally.
Pollinator Protection
Understand pollinator protection: strategies to conserve bees, butterflies, and other pollinators essential for food security and ecosystem health.
Power Purchase Agreements
Learn how corporate power purchase agreements (PPAs) work, enabling companies to procure renewable energy directly and lock in long-term clean electricity pricing.
Product Lifecycle Assessment
Learn about product lifecycle assessment (LCA): a systematic method for evaluating the environmental impacts of a product from raw materials to disposal.
R
Radiative Forcing
Radiative forcing measures the change in Earth's energy balance caused by greenhouse gases, aerosols, and other factors, driving global temperature change.
Regenerative Agriculture
Regenerative agriculture rebuilds soil health, sequesters carbon, and restores farm ecosystem function. Learn principles, practices, and business case evidence.
Regenerative Design
Regenerative design goes beyond sustainability to create systems that actively restore and revitalize ecosystems, communities, and natural resources over time.
Renewable Energy Certificates
Understand renewable energy certificates (RECs), how they track clean energy generation, and their role in corporate sustainability and emissions reporting.
Responsible Supply Chains
Responsible supply chains integrate human rights, environmental stewardship, and ethical governance across all tiers of sourcing, production, and distribution.
Right to Repair
Right to repair is the legal and design principle that consumers and independent shops should be able to fix products they own, reducing e-waste and costs.
S
SASB Standards
SASB Standards provide industry-specific sustainability metrics designed to identify financially material ESG factors for 77 distinct industries.
Science-Based Targets
Explore science-based targets (SBTs): how companies set emissions reduction goals aligned with climate science and the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C pathway.
Scope 1 Emissions
Understand Scope 1 emissions: direct greenhouse gas emissions from owned or controlled sources, measurement methods, and reduction strategies.
Scope 2 Emissions
Learn about Scope 2 emissions from purchased energy, the difference between location and market-based methods, and strategies for reduction.
Scope 3 Emissions
Scope 3 emissions are indirect greenhouse gas emissions that occur across a company's value chain, both upstream and downstream of its direct operations.
Scope 3 Supply Chain Emissions
Scope 3 supply chain emissions are indirect greenhouse gas emissions from a company's value chain, often representing over 70% of its total carbon footprint.
Sea-Level Rise
Sea-level rise refers to the increase in ocean surface height driven by thermal expansion of warming water and melting land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
SEC Climate Rule
The SEC climate disclosure rule requires U.S. public companies to report material climate risks, GHG emissions, and governance in their SEC filings.
Single Materiality
Single materiality assesses sustainability topics based solely on their financial impact on the company, contrasting with double materiality's broader scope.
Social Enterprise
Understand social enterprises—businesses that prioritize social or environmental missions while sustaining operations through commercial revenue.
Social License to Operate
Social license to operate is the ongoing acceptance and approval of a company's activities by local communities, stakeholders, and the broader public.
Social Return on Investment
Understand Social Return on Investment (SROI), the framework for measuring social and environmental value in financial terms for ESG reporting.
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Soil carbon sequestration captures atmospheric CO₂ in soil organic matter. Learn the science, measurement challenges, and carbon market opportunities for landowners.
Stakeholder Capitalism
Understand stakeholder capitalism, the business model that balances shareholder returns with employee, community, and environmental well-being.
Stakeholder Engagement
Discover how structured stakeholder engagement strengthens ESG strategy, builds trust, and meets regulatory expectations under CSRD and GRI.
Storm Surge Protection
Storm surge protection includes engineered barriers, natural buffers, and planning strategies that shield coastal areas from hurricane and cyclone-driven flooding.
Stormwater Management
Learn about stormwater management: strategies to control runoff, prevent flooding, protect water quality, and build urban resilience to heavy rainfall events.
Stranded Assets
Learn what stranded assets are, how climate policy and market shifts can render fossil fuel infrastructure worthless, and the implications for investors.
Supply Chain Due Diligence
Supply chain due diligence is the process of identifying, preventing, and mitigating environmental and human rights risks across a company's value chain.
Supply Chain Sustainability
Supply chain sustainability embeds environmental, social, and governance practices across sourcing, production, logistics, and end-of-life management.
Sustainability Accounting
Explore sustainability accounting principles, SASB standards, and how organizations measure and report ESG performance in financial terms.
Sustainability Assurance
Sustainability assurance is the independent verification of ESG disclosures, increasingly required by regulators to ensure reliability comparable to financial audits.
Sustainability Reporting Software
Compare sustainability reporting software options, key features, and selection criteria for CSRD, GRI, and ISSB compliance.
Sustainable Drainage Systems
Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) manage rainfall close to where it falls, using natural processes to reduce flood risk and improve water quality.
Sustainable Finance
Discover how sustainable finance integrates ESG criteria into financial decision-making, channeling capital toward a resilient, low-carbon global economy.
Sustainable Packaging
Sustainable packaging minimizes environmental impact through material selection, design efficiency, recyclability, and end-of-life management across the supply chain.
Sustainable Procurement
Sustainable procurement integrates environmental, social, and economic criteria into purchasing decisions across an organization's supply chain.
Sustainable Sourcing
Sustainable sourcing selects suppliers and materials based on environmental impact, social responsibility, and long-term supply security alongside cost and quality.
T
TCFD
The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures established the four-pillar framework for climate risk reporting now embedded in ISSB and global regulations.
TNFD
The Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures provides a framework for organizations to report on nature-related risks, dependencies, and impacts.
U
Upcycling vs Recycling
Upcycling transforms waste into higher-value products, while recycling reprocesses materials into equivalent or lower-value forms. Both reduce landfill waste.
Urban Heat Island Effect
The urban heat island effect occurs when cities experience significantly higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to built environment characteristics.
V
Value Chain Mapping
Learn how value chain mapping identifies ESG risks and impacts across upstream and downstream operations for CSRD and supply chain due diligence.
Voluntary Carbon Market
Explore the voluntary carbon market: how it works, key standards and registries, integrity reforms, and its role in financing global emissions reductions.
W
Waste Hierarchy
Understand the waste hierarchy: a framework prioritizing prevention, reuse, recycling, recovery, and disposal to minimize waste and environmental impact.
Water Footprint
Understand water footprint: measuring total freshwater used to produce goods and services, including blue, green, and grey water components.
Water Quality Standards
Water quality standards set enforceable limits on contaminants in drinking water and surface waters to protect public health and aquatic ecosystems.
Water Reuse and Recycling
Water reuse and recycling treats wastewater for beneficial purposes, reducing freshwater demand and building supply resilience in water-stressed regions.
Water Scarcity
Learn about water scarcity: when freshwater demand exceeds available supply, affecting 2+ billion people and creating critical risks for business and society.
Water Stewardship
Explore water stewardship: a collaborative approach to managing shared water resources sustainably across watersheds, balancing stakeholder needs.
Water Stress
Water stress occurs when demand for freshwater approaches or exceeds available supply, driven by population growth, climate change, and competing uses.
Water-Energy Nexus
Explore the water-energy nexus: the interdependence between water and energy systems, and why integrated management is critical for sustainability.
Watershed Management
Watershed management coordinates land and water resource use across drainage basins. Learn planning approaches, nature-based solutions, and governance frameworks.
Wetland Conservation
Wetland conservation protects marshes, peatlands, and floodplains that deliver critical ecosystem services. Learn why wetlands matter and how to protect them effectively.
Wildfire Risk Management
Wildfire risk management combines land management, structural hardening, and financial strategies to reduce losses from increasingly severe wildfire seasons.